Izimo Zokwakhiwa Nokuthuthukiswa Kweziteshi Zokushaja Zezinkampani Zokuthengisa Uwoyela Ohlanzekile

Ukungena Kwemakethe Okukhulayo Kwe-NEVs

Emakethekwini yaseShayina, isibonelo, izinga lokungena kwemakethe lemoto ezintsha zamandla (NEVs) libonile ukukhula okukhulu, lukhuphuka lisuka ku-5.8% ngo-2020 lufinyelela ku-47% ngo-2024, luthola cishe ingxenye yesithathu yemakethe yemoto ezintsha (Fig. 1). Le miphumela yokushintsha okusheshayo kwemoto ezisebenzisayo ngamafutha nge-NEVs iletha bobabili ubunzima obukhulu kanye namathuba angakaze abonakale embonini yeziteshi zokugcwalisa igesi.

Ngasikhathi sinye, inani leziphampu zokushaja izimoto zikagesi lenyukile ngesivinini esikhulu, lishintshe lisuka ku-1.681 million ngo-2020 laya ku-8.596 million ekupheleni kuka-2023 (Fig. 2). Izinga lokukhula kweziphampu zokushaja liphumelela kancane kunezimoto zikagesi, okwenza ubudlelwano phakathi kwezimoto nezikhala zokushaja bunciphe ukusuka ku-2.93:1 ngo-2020 baye ku-2.37:1 ekupheleni kuka-2023. Le mikhuba ikhulisa ukuncintisana emakethe yokushaja. Emadolobheni wesigaba sesibili naphezulu, ukungqubuzana phakathi kokufuna okukhulayo kwezinsiza zokushaja kanye nokuncipha kokutholakala kwezinsiza zomhlaba ezisemqoka kukhuphule amanani omhlaba nezindleko zokuhlala kakhulu. Ngokuhlangene nokwehla kwezinsiza zokwakha, izinkampani ezisha zokuthengisa uwoyela ophumile manje zibhekene nengcindezi enkulu yezindleko uma ziqhathaniswa nabaphathi beziphampu zokushaja abathole umhlaba futhi banweba ngaphambi kuka-2021.

Izinhlobo Zeziteshi Zokukhokha Zezinkampani Zokuthengisa Uwoyela Ohlanzekile

Izinkampani zokuthengisa uwoyela ohlanzekile zihlukaniswe ngemikhankaso yokushaja izimoto zikagesi ezisemakhaya nasezindaweni ezingekho emakhaya. Uma kuhlanganiswa imisebenzi yokushaja izimoto zikagesi eziteshini zokugesi, izindleko zomhlaba eziphakathi zikhokhelwa yiziteshi zokugesi. Le nqubo idinga ukucabangela kahle izinto ezifana nokufaneleka kwendawo, ukutholakala kokuhlinzekwa kwamandla, izinhlelo zokufaka, kanye nezokuthutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanganiswa kufanele kuhambisane nezakhiwo zeziteshi kanye nemvelo ezungezile ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukusebenza kwemikhiqizo kawoyela, ngenkathi kuhlangabezana nezindinganiso eziqinile zokuphepha, ezemvelo, ezomnotho, kanye nezokmaintenance.

Ngokwephrojekthi zokushaja ezikude, ukuhlaziywa okuphelele kwezinto ezibalulekile kubalulekile, kuhlanganise nezindleko zokuxhuma amandla ephrojekthi, usayizi wokwakha, ukukhetha imishini, izindleko zokwakha, kanye nezindleko zokuhlala, konke kuhambisana nezimo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene. Lezi zinhlelo, futhi, kumele zilandela izidingo eziqinile zokuphepha, ezemvelo, ezomnotho, kanye nezokmaintenance. Nakuba amaphrojekthi okushaja asendaweni kanye nezikude ebonisa izakhiwo ezahlukene zezindleko, ukunciphisa izindleko nokwandisa ukusebenza kusengumgomo obalulekile wezomnotho kokubili. Ukwakhiwa kwesiteshi sokushaja kudinga ukuthatha umqondo wokuthuthukiswa okungabizi futhi kulandele izimiso zokutshalwa kwezimali okuhlakaniphile, okuhlosiwe, nokusebenza kahle.

Le ndatshana inikeza indlela ephelele, ibheka imigomo yokuhlala, ukuhlukaniswa kwezakhiwo ezikwi-site/ngezindawo, kanye nezilinganiso zezakhiwo ezivela ezindaweni ezintathu: ukuklama ukuhlela, ukukhetha izinsiza, kanye nezindlela zokwakha. Ihloselwe ukuhola izinkampani zokuthengisa uwoyela ophucuziwe ekwakheni iziteshi zokushaja ezibiza kancane, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa izindleko zezimali ezihambisana nokuthuthukiswa nokusebenza kwenethiwekhi yokushaja (Ithebula 1).

Ukuthuthukiswa KweMiklamo Yokuhleleka Kweziteshi Zokushaja Zezinkampani Zokuthengisa Amafutha Ahlelekile

Izimiso zokuhlelwa

Uhlelo olukhulu lokwakhiwa kweziteshi zokushaja kumele luhambisane nemithetho, izindinganiso, nezinhlelo zomthetho zamanje zezwe, umkhakha, kanye nendawo. Kumele kuhambisane nezidingo zokuhlelwa kwedolobha, izifunda, nezindlela. Ukubekwa kufanele kubheke futhi izindlela zokusetshenziswa kwabathengi kanye nezinsiza zendawo, kuthuthukiswe ukusetshenziswa komhlaba ngokwakhiwa okujwayelekile, ukuhlela kahle isikhala esiphakeme, kanye nokusebenzisa kahle umhlaba ophakathi. Ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwezohwebo, ukubekwa kufanele kubheke indawo esetshenziswayo, uhlobo lwesiteshi sokushaja, imodeli yesevisi, kanye nosayizi ukuze kudalwe izindawo ezisebenzayo ezihlangabezana kahle nezidingo zabathengi.

Uhlaka lwekhebula

Izilungiselelo zezikhephe eziteshini zokushaja zingahlukaniswa zaba izingxenye ezintathu: kusukela endaweni yokuxhuma ephezulu ye-high-voltage ukuya ku-transformer, kusukela ku-transformer kuya ezikhumulweni zokushaja, nasezikhumulweni zokushaja. Ukuxhumana kwe-high-voltage T-ku-transformer kumela umugqa wangaphandle, futhi kuyalulekwa ukuthi le nxenye ibekwe ngaphakathi kwemitha eziyi-100 ze-transformer. Ubudlelwano obuphakeme kunezinga lezi zidingo bufuna ukuhlolwa ngokucophelela. I-transformer nezikhumulweni zokushaja kufanele zibe seduze; ukunciphisa ibanga phakathi kwazo kwehlisa ivolumu ye-cable engineering kanye nezimali ezihambisana nayo ngama-50%.

Kunemiklamo emibili eyinhloko yokuxhuma phakathi kwamapayipi: ukuhlela okukodwa nokuqondile (sicela ubheke isithombe esingezansi).

Uma sithatha ububanzi bendawo yokupaka bungu-L, kulolu hlelo olwakhelwe ohlangothini olulodwa, ubude bekhebula bungu:

Ngokuhlelwa okuphakathi, ubude bezintambo bukhona:

Ngokucacile, ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo ze-site kanye nezindawo zokupaka, ukwakheka kwesikhungo kunciphisa ubude bekhebuli ngama-50% uma kuqhathaniswa nokwakheka kwedlanzana. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka kwesikhungo kuyakhethwa, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinkulu lapho ukonga izindleko kubonakala kakhulu. Eziteshini ezinezingxenye zokushaja ezincane, lapho izidingo zokwakha ikhebuli ziphansi kakhulu, izinqumo zokwakha kufanele zigxile ekuhlinzekeni kokuhlangana ngaphakathi kwesiteshi nasekuhambeni nemithetho yokuphepha.

Uhlaka Lwenhlangano Jikelele

Phakathi kwezinsiza eziyinhloko zesiteshi sokushaja, izikhundla ze-high-voltage access point kanye ne-charging terminal ngokuvamile ziqinile, kanti i-transformer kanye ne-charging piles zinikeza indawo yokwenza ngcono. Ngokuphambene nomqondo, ukufaka i-transformer phakathi kwe-high-voltage T-connection kanye ne-charging piles akuhambisani kahle. Isibonelo, ku-480 kW charging pile setup, ukufaka amakhebuli ukusuka ku-T-connection kuya kwi-transformer kubiza cishe CNY 510/m, kanti izindleko zokufaka umugqa ukusuka kwi-transformer kuya kwi-charging pile zingu-CNY 1280/m, kube nomphumela wezindleko ophakathi kwe-CNY 770 ngomitha. Ngakho-ke, kufanelekile ukufaka i-transformer eduze ne-charging piles.

Ngokufanayo, izinsika zokushaja kufanele zibekwe eduze ngangokunokwenzeka nendawo yokushaja. Uma umphakathi wokushaja ohlukanisiwe usondelene ne-transformer ye-bhokisi, izintambo ezintathu ze-DC eziphansi zizoqhubeka zanda ngesikhathi esifanayo. Uma kukhona amadivayisi okushayela amaningi, umehluko wezindleko uba mkhulu. Njengoba imigqa ye-DC ivamise ukuhweba ngempahla enkulu yokulahleka kwamandla kunezintambo ze-AC, noma uma i-transformer ingabekwa eduze nezindawo zokupaka, izinsika zokushaja kufanele zibekwe eduze ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahleka.

Ukuthuthukiswa Kokukhethwa Kwezikhungo Zokushaja Zezinkampani Zokuthengisa Amafutha Aphelile

Transformer, Charging Pile, and Charging Gun Configuration

Ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko zokuthuthukiswa kwamandla we-transformer, izinga load ye-transformer kumele likhuphuke kancane. Kunconywa ukuthi izinga load ye-transformer ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwesiteshi ilungiswe ku-1:1, ngaphandle kwezidingo ezikhethekile zehhovisi lokuhlinzeka ngamandla. Eziteshini ezine-transformers eziphezulu, izinhlelo zokuphathwa okuhlakaniphile ezifana "nokulawula ukushaja okuhlelwe" kumele zifakwe ebhokisini lokulawula elikhulu lokushaja ukuze kugwenywe ingozi yokweqisa umthwalo kagesi nokunciphisa umthelela ku-transformer. Ngokuthatha isibonelo se-720 kW charging pile, kunconywa ukuthi kuhlangabezane ngokuphelele nokuhlanganiswa kwe-terminal kwe-2 supercharging guns + 10 fast charging guns.

Amasethingi wamandla wepali yokushaja esheshayo kufanele ahambisane nezinsiza ezisemqoka zemodeli eziphakanyisiwe, futhi isilinganiso sokwabiwa kwamandla kwegunu yokushaja kufanele sihambisane nesilinganiso sezimoto ezahlukene ezisizwayo. Ngokuthatha isibonelo isikhala samanje se-EVs kanye nemodeli ezitholakala emakethe, amapulatifomu e-400V aphumelela kakhulu. Ngesikhathi sokushaja, imoto ethola amandla iyashintsha phakathi kuka-40 kW no-70 kW. Ukuze kubhekwane nokusetshenziswa kwesikhathi esisodwa kanye nezikhawu zamandla zama-gunu yokushaja nezimoto, kunconywa amandla ejubane lokushaja elijwayelekile elingu-40-80 kW. Isibonelo, ipali yokushaja ye-air-cooled engu-480 kW enama-gunu ayisishiyagalombili ibiza u-25,200 yuan ngegunu, kanti ukwakhiwa kwegunu eziyishumi kwehlisa lokhu kube ngu-21,700 yuan—ukonga u-3,500 yuan ngendawo yokupaka. Ucwaningo olunzulu lwemakethe ngesikhathi sokuhlela iphrojekthi lubalulekile ukuze kugwenywe ukuhlinzeka ngokweqile ngamandla kanye nezingozi ezihambisana nakho; ukuphuma kwepali yokushaja engu-50 kW kuvame ukunconywa.

Ukukhethwa kwemathiriyeli ye-cable

Izintambo zokushaja iziteshi ziza ngezinhlobo ze-copper-core kanye ne-aluminum-core, lapho izintambo ze-copper-core zikhona kakhulu ezisebenzelweni ezivela eziteshini ze-gas nasezintanjeni zasekhaya kuya ezikhumulweni zokushaja nasemishini yokwabiwa. Nakuba izintambo ze-aluminum-core zikhokha cishe ingxenye yesithathu yezintambo ze-copper-core, zihluleka kwezinye izici ezibalulekile:

Ikhono Eliphezulu Lokuthwala Umjikelezo: Ukungaphumeleli kwekhabhoni ye-copper kunciphisa amandla okuphakela, okwenza amakhebuli e-copper-core akwazi ukuthwala u-30% umjikelezo omningi kunezintambo ze-aluminium-core ezine-cross-section efanayo.

Ukuphepha Okukhulisiwe: Ngaphansi kwezinsiza ezifanayo, amakhebuli enziwe ngensimbi ye-copper akhiqiza ukushisa okuncane, kunciphisa ubungozi bomlilo.

Ukulahleka Kwamandla Okuphansi: Ukusebenza kahle kwekhabhoni kwekhabhoni kunciphisa ukulahleka kwamandla.

Ukumelana Nokugqwala: Abaxhumi bekhebula be-copper-core baphikisa ukugqwala, beqinisekisa ukusebenza okuhle, kanti amajoints e-aluminium-core ayathinteka ekwehlulekeni okubangelwa ukugqwala.

Ukufakwa Kalula: Ukuguquguquka kwekhabhoni kanye namandla aphezulu okusebenza kwenza kube lula ukuhamba, ukujika, nokuxhuma.

Isibonelo, ikhebula le-copper-core elingu-100-meter lidla u-10kWh wamandla, kanti ikhebula le-aluminum-core elingu-100-meter lidla u-16.8kWh—okungama-1.68 izikhathi eziningi. Ngonyaka, amakhebula e-copper-core awadingi ukugcinwa, kanti amakhebula e-aluminum-core adinga ukulungiswa okuphakathi kuka-8 ngentengo ye-CNY 2,000 ngayinye. Uma kubhekwa izindleko zokuphila ngokuphelele, izindleko zazo zombili ziyaqondana, okwenza amakhebula e-aluminum-core afaneleka kakhulu ezinhlelweni zamandla zesikhashana, eziphuthumayo. Ngamafuphi, ngokubheka ukuphepha nezindleko zokuphila ngokuphelele, amakhebula e-copper-core kufanele asetshenziswe eziteshini zokushaja.

Ukuqapha isiteshi, ukukhanya nokuvikela umlilo

Ngokwesiteshi sokushaja, kunconywa ukusebenzisa kabusha amakhabethe eziteshi zokugcwalisa uphethiloli neziteshi zokubheka, kanti izikhungo ezingezona eziteshi zidinga amakhabethe okubheka akhethekile, iziteshi, kanye nezinsiza zokugcina. Amakhamera okubheka kufanele abekwe ezikwenjini, kugcinwe ibanga eliphephile kumishini ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlinzekwa okuphelele. Njengomthetho ojwayelekile, amakhamera amabili ngezimoto eziyi-10 anele, ngokwenza izinguquko ezindaweni ezingajwayelekile. Ividiyo kufanele igcinwe okungenani ezinsukwini eziyi-30, noma njengoba kuphumelele iziphathimandla zendawo.

Izinhlelo zokukhanyisa kufanele zigxile kumalambu aphezulu ukusebenza kahle, anokonga amandla ahlangabezana nezidingo zokubonisa imibala nezikhathi zokuqalisa, nezinga lokukhanya elihambisana nezindinganiso zezimboni. Ezindaweni ezikhanyisiwe kahle, ukuncika ekukhanyeni kwemvelo kunganciphisa inani lezinsiza; ukujwayelekile kokukhanya kwangaphakathi kuyi-1 lamp ngama-parking spaces angu-5. Izinhlinzeko zokulwa nomlilo kufanele zilandela imithetho kazwelonke nezendawo, ngokuhambisana nosayizi wesiteshi nenani lezindawo zokushaja. Ukusebenzisa kabusha imishini yokulwa nomlilo engasetshenziswanga evela eziteshini ezikhiphayo kuyakhuthazwa. Ukumiswa okujwayelekile kuhlanganisa ama-fire extinguishers angu-2 angu-5 kg ngama-terminal amabili okushaja, kuhlanganiswe nezinkinobho zokuphuma eziphuthumayo nezinhlelo zokwakha ezikhethwayo.

Ukukhethwa Kwezobuchwepheshe Bokwakha Iziteshi Zokuhweba Zezimoto ZamaFutha Ahlanzekile

Ukusetha ishedi yokushaja

Ukusethwa kwezindawo zokushaja izimoto kufanele kuhlangabezane nezimo zendawo futhi kuhlukaniswe kube izinhlobo ezintathu:

Ayikho i-shed: Izindleko zokwakha ezingu-zero ngendawo yokupaka ngayinye;

Low-cost tensile membrane: 7,200 yuan per parking space;

I-Photovoltaic-integrated light steel structure: Cishe ama-yuan angama-11,000 ngendawo yokupaka. Kwemiklamo eqaphelayo ngezindleko, ukukhetha kokuqala kuyathandwa.

Ukuphathwa komhlaba wesiteshi sokushaja

Kukhona izinhlobo ezinhlanu zokufakwa phansi ezitholakalayo:

Ukusebenzisa kabusha izindawo zokupaka ezikhona;

Iphansi lezigodo zezitshalo;

180mm izindawo ezinzima ezilula;

220mm izindawo eziqinile ezijwayelekile;

Izindawo eziqinisiwe ezinzima. Ngesikhathi sokwakha iziteshi zokushaja, ukuphinda kusetshenziswe izindawo ezikhona kwehlisa imali yokutshalwa, kwehlisa izindleko ngama-yuan angama-4,500 ngegunu lokushaja. Uma ukuphinda kusetshenziswe kungasebenzi, ukukhetha umhlaba kufanele kuhambisane neprofayili yesevisi yesiteshi: amabhulokhi elanga afanele iziteshi ezincane zemoto kuphela; izindawo eziqinisiwe ezilula zanele ezindaweni ezidinga ukuqiniswa; izindawo ezijwayelekile zifanele izimoto eziphakathi nendawo nezincane; futhi izindawo eziqinisiwe zidingeka ukuze kupakishwe izimoto ezinkulu nezokushaja.

Ukufakwa Nokuvikelwa Kwendawo Yokupaka

Izimpawu zokupaka ziza ngezindlela ezimbili:

Ukupenda kuphela kwe-outline (okunezinombolo ezikhethwayo nezimpawu zokukhokha), okuveza umkhawulo omhlophe ongu-150 mm ububanzi;

Iphunga eliphelele le-PU elivimbela ukuwa (elifanele iziteshi zomphakathi ezibonakalayo kakhulu)..

Izinsika zokuvikela eziphakanyisiwe kufanele zibe amaphayiphi ensimbi alukiwe aphakanyisiwe, abekwe ukuze kuvumeleke ukufinyelela kokunakekelwa. Ukuphakama kokufaka kufanele kube ngu-600 mm kwezimoto ezincane kanye no-1000 mm kwezimoto eziphakathi nendawo nezinkulu. Izithiyo zendawo yokupaka, ezikhiqizwe ngensimbi elukiwe, kufanele zibe no-2 m ubude, no-150 mm ukuphakama, futhi zifakwe uphahla lokuxwayisa olukhanyayo.

Indlela yokufaka ikhebula

Izindlela ezintathu zokufaka amakhebuli zisetshenziswa kakhulu:

Ukufaka ngqo: Amakhebuli avikelayo afakwa ngqo, kuphela ngezinsiza zokuvikela lapho edlula ezindaweni eziqinile noma ezisekelweni;

Ithrekhi yocingo: Ama-cable agcinwa emithonjeni eyakhiwe phansi kwendawo ekhona;

Ukusheshisa ukufakwa: Izinhlelo zokubeka izintambo ezibekwe phezulu zenza ukufakwa nokuhlelwa kabusha kube kusheshiswe. Ezindaweni ezivulekile ezidinga ukulinganiswa komhlaba nokwakhiwa, ukufakwa ngqo emhlabathini kuyindlela engabizi kakhulu. Uma usebenzisa umhlaba osevele ukhona, ukuqhathaniswa kwezindleko kufanele kukhombise ukukhetha phakathi kokufakwa kwe-trench kanye nezindlela zokusheshisa ukufakwa.

Isiphetho kanye Nezibonelelo Zesikhathi Esizayo

Le ndatshana iletha izixazululo ezikhethekile zokwakha iziteshi zokushaja izimoto zikagesi ngezindleko eziphansi ezihlukahlukene, ezindaweni, nasezilinganiselweni. Ngokuhlanganisa ukwakhiwa kokwakha, ukukhethwa kwezinsiza, nezindlela zokwakha ngenkathi kuhlonishwa izindinganiso zikazwelonke nezinto zokubukeka, ihlose ukweseka ukukhula kwebhizinisi lokushaja kwezinkampani zokuthengisa uwoyela.

Ukuze siqhubeke, lezi zinkampani kumele zigxile ekusebenzeni kweziteshi ezisezingeni eliphezulu ngaphandle kokwakha. Njengoba imakethe yezimoto zikagesi ithuthuka, izidingo zomsebenzisi ngezinsizakalo zokushaja zizohlukahluka. Ngokusebenzisa izinsiza zazo ezikhona, izinkampani kumele zifune ukudala umphakathi ophumelelayo "wabantu, izimoto, impilo", onikeza okuhlangenwe nakho okulula, okunethezeka okwandisa umncintiswano wazo emkhakheni wezinsiza zokushaja.