Njengoba izinga lokungena kwemoto ezintsha zamandla (NEVs) emakethe yomhlaba liqhubeka nokukhula, eminye imakethe zendawo zishintsha amandla okukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni zisuka ezinqubweni zokuxhaswa ezinamandla zaya ekwakhiweni kwezinsiza zokushaja. Ikakhulukazi emakethe yase-US naseYurophu, lapho isivinini sokwakhiwa kwamapali okushaja sishoda kakhulu emandleni okukhula kokuthengiswa kwezimoto ezisebenzisa ugesi. Ukunciphisa imikhawulo yokungabi nezinsiza ezanele ekuthuthukisweni kwemboni sekubekezelelwe njengendaba ephuthumayo edinga ukuxazululwa.

Ngokuthuthukiswa kwemakethe ye-EV yase-US, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zokushaja okuphuthumayo kube yinto ebalulekile evimbela ukukhula kwayo. Idatha ikhombisa ukuthi ngo-2022, nakuba izinga lokungena kwe-NEVs e-US likhuphukile laya cishe ku-6%, ubudlelwano bezimoto kuya kumashaja bukhuphuke baya ku-17:1. Ub faced nalolu shintsho olungalingani, ezinye izikhungo zangaphandle zikholelwa ukuthi uhlelo lokwakha olwakhiwe ngaphambili lwezikhala zokushaja zomphakathi eziyi-500,000 emakethe lukhona kahle. Emnyakeni emithathu ezayo, kulindeleke ukuthi izinga lokukhula elihlanganisiwe lemakethe yezikhala zokushaja zomphakathi e-US lifinyelele ku-80%, ngokwandiswa kwesikali semakethe sibe ngu-$19.1 billion.

Ngakho-ke, ngemva kokugxila ekwenzeni kube sendaweni ukukhiqizwa kwe-EV kanye nebhathri ngaphakathi komgomo we-Inflation Deflation Act, iWashington D.C. isiqhubele phambili emkhakheni wezinsiza zokushaja. Ngomhla kaFebhuwari 15, uhulumeni waseMelika ushicilele imithetho emisha yenethiwekhi yezinsiza zokushaja ze-EV, efuna ukuthi zonke izinsiza zokushaja ezakhiwe ngoxhaso lukahulumeni kumele zikhishwe futhi ziqhutshelwe endaweni. Inhloso ukuhlela umkhakha wezinsiza zokushaja onengxenye yendawo engaphansi kuka-55% ngaphambi kukaJulayi 2024.

Ngokuhlanganyela, umkhuba wokuthi "ukuxhumana" phakathi kokukhula kwe-EV nokuthuthukiswa kwesakhiwo sokushaja eYurophu nawo ubonakala. Ngokusho kombiko wokulandela we-European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) mayelana nokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sokushaja i-EV kule ndawo: phakathi kuka-2016 no-2022, ingxenye yezimoto ezisebenzisa ibhethri (BEVs) emakethe ye-EU izokhula ibe ngu-12.1%. Nakuba inani leziphuzo zokushaja zomphakathi kule nkathi lenyukile kabili, kodwa le nkulu yokukhula ibihamba phambili kakhulu ngokukhula okuphindwe kayishumi kwezokuthengisa ze-BEV. Okuhlangenwe nakho okunganelisi kwabathengi okubangelwa izinkinga zokushaja kuphinde kwaba nezinselelo ezengeziwe ekukhuthazeni i-BEV kule ndawo. I-ACEA iphinde yasho embikweni ukuthi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi abathengi abaningi baseYurophu bayashintsha baye kwi-EV phakathi kweminyaka eyishumi ezayo, "ukushaja kumele kube lula njengokugcwalisa uphethiloli."

Nakuba isivumelwano sokumisa ukuthengiswa kwemoto ezintsha ezisebenzisa amafossil eYurophu ngonyaka ka-2035 singakakwenziwanga ngokuphelele, kukhishwe izibikezelo ezinethemba ezivela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi ze-EU mayelana nenani lezi zimoto ezihamba ngogesi endaweni. Ngokusho kwe-International Energy Agency (IEA), ngo-2025, kulindeleke ukuthi inani lezi zimoto ezihamba ngogesi e-EU lifinyelele ku-21.9 million, ngokukhula okuphindwe kabili kweminyaka okungu-41% kusukela ku-2021 kuya ku-2025. Enye inhlangano ibikezela ukuthi eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo, isidingo samapali okushaja eYurophu sizokhula sithathe ukusuka ku-EUR 5 billion ngo-2021 sibe ku-EUR 15 billion.

Ukushiya ngaphandle umthelela wokukhula okusheshayo kwe-EVs, ukuthuthukiswa kwesakhiwo sokushaja ezimakethe ezihlukene zezwe lase-U.S. nase-Europe akusikho "kwehla". Ngokwedatha evela kwi-U.S. Department of Energy's Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC), ekupheleni kuka-2022, inani le-EV supply equipment (EVSE) ports ezweni lenyukile laba ngu-143,000, kukhuphuke ngo-11.7% unyaka nonyaka. Inani eliphelele leziteshi zokushaja lenyukile laba ngu-53,000, kukhuphuke ngaphezu kuka-6% unyaka nonyaka. Ukusebenza kwesakhiwo sokushaja okukhulunywa ku- EU Act "Alternative Fuel Supply Infrastructure Deployment Directive (AFIR)" kukhombisa ukuthi ekupheleni kwesigaba sesine sika-2022, kuzoba nenani eliphelele lama-charging piles angu-479,000 ezweni le-27 EU member states, lapho u-422,000 ungama-AC no-57,000 ungama-DC.

Okwamanje, ngokusekelwe emandleni okushaja, izikhala zokushaja emakethe yase-U.S. naseYurophu zingahlukaniswa zibe yizikhala zokushaja ezisheshayo ze-AC nezokushaja ezisheshayo ze-DC. Phakathi kwazo, izikhala zokushaja ezisheshayo ze-AC zenza cishe u-80% emakethe yase-U.S., futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwazo akuhambisani. Thina sithathe i-ChargePoint, umphakathi omkhulu wokushaja emakethe yase-U.S., njengomfanekiso. Kuqondwe ukuthi nakuba inezabelo ezingu-51.5% emakethe yezikhala zokushaja yase-U.S., iningi lezikhala zokushaja ezingaphezu kuka-68,000 ezisebenza kuzo zisengama-Level 1 no-2 ezisheshayo ze-AC eziklanyelwe ukusetshenziswa kwezohwebo ezinsukwini zokusebenza. Kukhona kuphela cishe ama-Level 3 DC chargers angama-1,500 atholakalayo ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo zabasebenzisi be-EV zokuhamba ibanga elide phakathi kwezifunda, kushiya izikhala ezinkulu enetwork yokushaja. Ngokuqondene nokushaja okusheshayo kwe-DC, i-Tesla ibusa, enezikhala zokushaja ezisheshayo eziyi-17,000 ezithola cishe u-58% wezabelo zemakethe.

Ukungalingani kokuhluka kokushaja okusheshayo nokushesha eYurophu kubonakala kukhulu. Namuhla, ama-AC charging piles angama-22kW naphansi akha cishe u-88% wemakethe yesifunda, kanti ama-level 1 no-2 ultra-fast DC charging piles anamandla angaphezu kuka-150kW akha kuphela u-4.7%. Nokho, abakhiqizi bama-charging piles nabaphathi abahlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zomphakathi emakethe basebenza ukuze baxazulule le ngqikithi yokungalingani. Inkampani yokubonisana yaseJalimane i-P3 yenza ucwaningo ngokuqanjwa kwenethiwekhi yokushaja kwezinye izindawo eYurophu ngo-2022. Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi uma kuqhathaniswa nezibalo zango-2021, ukuhlinzekwa kwenethiwekhi yokushaja okuhlinzekwa abahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zokushaja abaphezulu eYurophu kukhule ngo-35%. Izinga lokukhula kwabanye abahlinzeki bezinsizakalo besithathu libonakala likhulu kakhulu. Insizakalo yokushaja ye-EnBW mobility+ ikhule ngo-60% ngonyaka owodwa.

Nokho, ngaphandle kokuphambuka kokuthuthukiswa okukhulunywe ngenhla kwenethiwekhi ye-charging pile, ukusabalala okungalingani kwe-charging piles kuyinkinga evamile kokubili emakethe. E-U.S., inani eliphelele le-charging piles ezindaweni ezithuthukile ngokwezimali ezifana neCalifornia, Texas, neFlorida lidlula kakhulu lezo zifunda ezahlukene, kuyilapho ukwakhiwa kwe-charging piles emgwaqweni ophakathi kwezwe kuhamba kancane. Ngasikhathi sinye, emthethweni wezifunda, ezinye izinqubomgomo zikamasipala zisheshisa ukuhlanganiswa kokwakhiwa kwe-charging pile ezindaweni ezithile. Isibonelo, iCalifornia ibeka umthetho wokuthi amapaki ezindlu anama-17 noma ngaphezulu kufanele agcine okungenani u-3% wendawo yokwakhiwa kwe-charging piles ye-EV.

eYurophu, iNetherlands ibe yisikhungo semakethe esinokwakhiwa okuphelele kokushaja e-EU enezikhungo zokushaja eziyi-112,000, kulandela iJalimane enezikhungo eziyi-87,000. Lezi zizwe zombili zenze u-42% wezikhungo zokushaja e-EU. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokuphakama kokushaja okukodwa ngakunye kwemikhondo engu-1.5 kilometers eNetherlands, amazwe afana nePoland neRomania anezikhungo zokushaja eziyodwa kuphela ngakunye kwemikhondo engu-150 kilometers. Kulokhu, i-ACEA kwadingeka ukuthi ibhale ukuthi ngokwejwayelekile, ibanga eliphakathi nendawo le-326 kilometers le-BEVs, ubudlelwano bezikhungo zokushaja obukhona bungenzeka banele ukuhlangabezana nezinsuku zokuhamba noma ukuhamba okuseduze, kodwa kusemkhathini ophakeme kakhulu ukuze kufezwe ukuhamba okuphuma ezwenikazi eYurophu. Njengomphumela, i-Eurelectric (ubumbano lwezimboni zikagesi eYurophu) ikholelwa ukuthi isifunda saseYurophu sidinga ukuvuselela uhlelo lokwakha izikhungo zokushaja ngokwezombusazwe, futhi ngaphezu kohlelo oludingekayo lwephakheji yokuvikelwa kwemvelo nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-"fit for 55" ethuthukiswa esifundeni, "ilizwe ngalinye liqinisekisa ukuthi isikhungo sokushaja se-EV sisungulwa njalo emakhilomitha angu-60 emigwaqweni emikhulu", uhlelo olusha kufanele lwenziwe ukuze luhlangabezane nokwanda okungenzeka kwenani le-EVs kanye nezidingo zokushaja zabathengi.

Noma kunezinkinga ezahlukene ekuthuthukiseni imakethe ye-charging pile e-U.S. nase-Europe, futhi ngisho nangenxa yokuxhumana nokuhleleka okuphuthumayo phakathi kweminyango kahulumeni, izikhungo zokuhlinzeka ngamandla, abakhiqizi bezimoto kanye nabahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zokushaja, kunzima ukufinyelela ngokushesha ukuhlelwa okukhulu kwezinsiza zokushaja, okuholela ekucindezelweni okukhulu ekuthuthukisweni okusheshayo kwe-EVs. Ngiyabonga, zonke izinhlangothi nazo zisebenza kanzima ukuze zihlolisise umkhuba wokuxhumana phakathi kwezinhlelo ezahlukene ze-charging pile.

Okokuqala, kukhona ukuxhumana kwezixhumi zokushaja. I-Tesla iqale inqubo yokuhlanganisa izixhumi eholelwa abakhiqizi bezinkampani emakethe yase-US. Kubikwa ukuthi i-Tesla ilindele ukuvula zonke iziteshi zayo zokushaja ezisheshayo eziyi-3,500 ezindleleni naseziteshini zokushaja eziphansi eziyi-4,000 emakethe yaseNorth America ukuze zifinyeleleke emphakathini ngasekupheleni kuka-2024, ukuze zifinyeleleke kwezinye izimodeli ze-EV. Umholi wezigaba zamandla ze-Tesla kanye naye wathi "ukuvula izixhumi zokushaja emphakathini kungakhuphula izinga lokusetshenziswa kwenethiwekhi yokushaja ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko zokusebenza futhi kwenze inethiwekhi yokushaja ibe nenzuzo enkulu." Nokho, ngenxa yokwehluka okubonakalayo phakathi kwenethiwekhi ye-DC yokushaja esheshayo yenkampani nezinye izinhlelo zokushaja e-US, kanye nokungahambisani ne-CCS (Uhlelo Lokuhlanganisa Lokushaja) ngaphansi kwezindinganiso zikamasipala, ukufezwa kwalolu hlelo kusemkhakheni wokungaqiniseki. Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuthi isinyathelo se-Tesla siyisichibiyelo esicwangcisiwe sokuphendula kuhlelo lwezokwakha izimoto zikagesi lwezizwe (NEVI) ukuze kuvinjwe abanye abakhiqizi benethiwekhi yokushaja ukuthi bathathe leli thuba lokuthola imakethe, njenge-EVgo ne-ChargePoint.

Imaketheka yokushaja eYurophu ibonisa umkhuba wokuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa amanani nezindlela zokukhokha. Ocwaningweni olukhuluma ngensiza yokushaja eYurophu, iGerman P3 Consulting ithole ukuthi amazwe amaningi eYurophu anemodeli zebhizinisi zokushaja ezingacacile: abanye abahlinzeki bezinsizakalo bakhokha ngokusekelwe ezicini zokuhlola amandla omshaja, ivolumu yokushaja noma isikhathi sokushaja, kanti abanye basebenzisa inhlanganisela yemali yokubhalisela, irenti yenyanga, izimali zokushaja, izimali zezinsizakalo, njll. ukuze bakhe amanani ahlukanisiwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi noma ngabe umshaja ofanayo usetshenziselwa ukushaja, abasebenzisi bazothola umehluko omkhulu ezindlekweni zokushaja ngenxa yokushintsha kwamanani kagesi, umehluko phakathi kwabahlinzeki bezinsizakalo, kanye nezinga lokukhokha elihlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbiko wokubuyekezwa kweNkantolo Yezimali yaseYurophu mayelana nezinsiza zokushaja zamazwe angamalungu e-EU ubonisa ukuthi uku availability ehlukahlukene kwemishaja yomphakathi kanye nezinhlelo zokukhokha ezingahambisani phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu nakho kubeka izinselelo eziningi ezingadingekile kubathengi be-EV, njengokuntuleka kolwazi lwangempela ngedatha yokuxhumana kwezinsiza zokushaja, kanye nokungakwazi ukulandela ulwazi mayelana nezinkinga zomshaja noma ukulinda emgqeni ngaleso sikhathi.

Ngokuphambene, umkhakha wezikhungo zokushaja eChina, osekelwe emakethe enkulu kakhulu ye-EV emhlabeni, ugxile ekutadisheni ukuthuthukiswa okuhambisanayo kwezinkundla zokusebenza zokushaja nezinhlelo zamandla mayelana nokuxhumana. Phakathi kweNgqungquthela Yabantu Yezwe ka-2023, uShao Danwei, ilungu leKomidi Elikhulu Lezokuxhumana Kwezepolitiki Lwabantu baseChina, umsunguli weStar Charge, kanye nomongameli weWanbang Digital Energy, uphakamise ukwakha ipulatifomu yokubheka yokushaja eyodwa ezweni lonke, ehlanganisa futhi ifinyelele idatha evela ezikhungweni zokushaja ezahlukene kanye nezinkundla zokusebenza zamabhizinisi amandla amasha, futhi ihlinzeka ngoxhaso lokuthuthukiswa okukhulu kwezinsiza zokushaja. Uphinde waphakamisa ukusebenzisa izimpawu zentengo zangesikhathi sangempela ukuhola ama-NEVs ukuba abambe iqhaza ekuxhumaneni kwemoto nezinhlelo zamandla, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe indlela yokusebenza kwemakethe yamandla.